Ghaza & shahadat
الحکم بالعدل
ماير تبط بالحکم ، و فيه آيات :
الأولی ـ قوله تعالی :
إنّ الله يأمرکم أن تؤدّوا الأمانات الی أهلها و إذا حکمتم بين الناس أن تحکموا بالعدل إنّ الله نعمّا يعظکم به إن الله کان سميعاً بصيرا .
Allah doth command you to render back your Trusts to those to whom they are due; And when ye judge between man and man, that ye judge with justice: Verily how excellent is the teaching which He giveth you! For Allah is He Who heareth and seeth all things.
الثانية قوله تعالی :
إنّا أنزلنا اليک الکتاب بالحقّ لتحکم بين الناس بما أراک الله و لا تکن للخائنين خصيما .
We have sent down to thee the Book in truth, that thou mightest judge between men, as guided by Allah: so be not (used) as an advocate by those who betray their trust;
AN-NISA
الثالثة ـ قوله تعالی :
... سمّاعون لکذب أکّالون للسُحت فان جاءوک فاحکم بينهم أو أعرض عنهم و إن تُعرض عنهم فلن يضُرّوک شيئاً و إن حکمت فاحکم بينهم بالقسط إنّ الله يحبُّ المقسطين و کيف يحکّمونک و عندهم التوراة فيها حُکم الله ثم يتولّون من بعد ذلک و ما أولئک بالمؤمنين .
(They are fond of) listening to falsehood, of devouring anything forbidden. If they do come to thee, either judge between them, or decline to interfere. If thou decline, they cannot hurt thee in the least. If thou judge, judge in equity between them. For Allah loveth those who judge in equity.
But why do they come to thee for decision, when they have (their own) law before them?- therein is the (plain) command of Allah; yet even after that, they would turn away. For they are not (really) People of Faith.
AL-MAEDA
الرابعة ـ قوله تعالی :
و أن احکم بينهم بما أنزل الله و لا تتبع أهوائهم و احذرهم أن يفتنوک عن بعض ما أنزل الله اليک فان تولّوا فاعلم انّما يُريد الله أن يصيبهم ببعض ذنوبهم و إنّ کثيراً من الناس لفاسقون .
And this (He commands): Judge thou between them by what Allah hath revealed, and follow not their vain desires, but beware of them lest they beguile thee from any of that (teaching) which Allah hath sent down to thee. And if they turn away, be assured that for some of their crime it is Allah's purpose to punish them. And truly most men are rebellious.
AL-MAEDA
مَن هو الحاکم ؟
ما يتقعلّق بالحاکم و أنّه من هو ؟ و فيه آيات :
الأولی ـ قوله تعالی :
يا أيها الذين آمنوا أطيعوا الله و أطيعوا الرسول و أُولي الأمر منکم فان تنازعتم في شيء فردّوه الی الله و الرسول إن کنتم تؤمنون بالله و اليوم الآخر ذلک خيرٌ و أحسن تأويلا .
O ye who believe! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, and those charged with authority among you. If ye differ in anything among yourselves, refer it to Allah and His Messenger, if ye do believe in Allah and the Last Day: That is best, and most suitable for final determination.
AN-NISA
الثانية ـ قوله تعالی :
فلا و ربّک لا يؤمنون حتی يُحکّموک فيما شَجَرَ بينهم ثم لا يجدوا في أنفسهم حرجاً مما قضيت و يُسلّموا تسليما .
But no, by the Lord, they can have no (real) Faith, until they make thee judge in all disputes between them, and find in their souls no resistance against Thy decisions, but accept them with the fullest conviction.
AN-NISA
الرابعة ـ قوله تعالی :
... و من لم يحکم بما أنزل الله فأولئک هم الکافرون و في الاخری .. هم الظالمون ، و في الثالثة : (.. هم الفاسقون) .
It was We who revealed the law (to Moses): therein was guidance and light. By its standard have been judged the Jews, by the prophets who bowed (as in Islam) to Allah's will, by the rabbis and the doctors of law: for to them was entrusted the protection of Allah's book, and they were witnesses thereto: therefore fear not men, but fear me, and sell not my signs for a miserable price. If any do fail to judge by (the light of) what Allah hath revealed, they are (no better than) Unbelievers.
We ordained therein for them: "Life for life, eye for eye, nose or nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth, and wounds equal for equal." But if any one remits the retaliation by way of charity, it is an act of atonement for himself. And if any fail to judge by (the light of) what Allah hath revealed, they are (No better than) wrong-doers.
Let the people of the Gospel judge by what Allah hath revealed therein. If any do fail to judge by (the light of) what Allah hath revealed, they are (no better than) those who rebel.
AL-MAEDA
ما يتعلّق بالشهادات
الشهادة في التجارة و الامانة
الأولي ـ قوله تعالی :
يا أيها الذين آمنوا إذا تداينتم بدين الی أجلٍ مسمّیً فاکتبوه و ليکتب بينکم کاتب بالعدل و لا يأب کاتب أن يکتب کما علّمه الله فليکتب و ليملل الذي عليه الحق و ليتق الله ربه و لا يبخس منه شيئاً فان کان الذي عليه الحق سفيهاً أو ضعيفاً أو لا يستطيع أن يملَّ هو فَليُملِل و ليُّهُ بالعدل و استشهدوا شهيدين من رجالکم فان لم يکونا رجلين فرجل و امرأتان ممن تَرضَونَ من الشهداء أن تضلّ إحداهما فتُذکّر إحداهما الأُخری و لا يأب الشهداء إذا مادعوا و لا تسأموا أن تکتبوه صغيراً أو کبيراً الی أجله ذلک أقسط عندالله و أقوم للشهادة و ددنی أن له ترتبوا إلّا أن تکون تجارة حاضرظ تديرونها بينکم فليس عليکم جناح ألا تکتبوها و اشهدوا إذا تبايعتم و لا يضارَّ کاتب و لا شهيد و أن تفعلوا فانه فسوق بکم و اتقوا الله و يعلّمکم الله و الله بکل شيءٍ عليم * و ان کنتم علی سفرٍ و لم تجدوا کاتباً فرهان مقبوضة فان أمن بعضکم فليؤدِّ الذي أؤتمن أمانته و ليتّق الله ربه و لا تکتموا الشهادة و من يکتمها فانه آثم قلبه و الله بما تعلمون عليم .
O ye who believe! When ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligations in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties: let not the scribe refuse to write: as Allah Has taught him, so let him write. Let him who incurs the liability dictate, but let him fear His Lord Allah, and not diminish aught of what he owes. If they party liable is mentally deficient, or weak, or unable Himself to dictate, Let his guardian dictate faithfully, and get two witnesses, out of your own men, and if there are not two men, then a man and two women, such as ye choose, for witnesses, so that if one of them errs, the other can remind her. The witnesses should not refuse when they are called on (For evidence). Disdain not to reduce to writing (your contract) for a future period, whether it be small or big: it is juster in the sight of Allah, More suitable as evidence, and more convenient to prevent doubts among yourselves but if it be a transaction which ye carry out on the spot among yourselves, there is no blame on you if ye reduce it not to writing. But take witness whenever ye make a commercial contract; and let neither scribe nor witness suffer harm. If ye do (such harm), it would be wickedness in you. So fear Allah; For it is Good that teaches you. And Allah is well acquainted with all things. If ye are on a journey, and cannot find a scribe, a pledge with possession (may serve the purpose). And if one of you deposits a thing on trust with another, let the trustee (faithfully) discharge his trust, and let him Fear his Lord conceal not evidence; for whoever conceals it, - his heart is tainted with sin. And Allah knoweth all that ye do.
If ye are on a journey, and cannot find a scribe, a pledge with possession (may serve the purpose). And if one of you deposits a thing on trust with another, Let the trustee (Faithfully) discharge His trust, and let him fear his Lord. Conceal not evidence; for whoever conceals it,- His heart is tainted with sin. And Allah Knoweth all that ye do.
AL-BAQARA
الشهادة في الطلاق
الثانية ـ قوله تعالی :
فاذا بلغن أجلهنّ فأمسکوهنّ بمعروف أو فارقوهنّ بمعروف و اشهدوا ذوي عدل منکم و أقيموا الشهادة لله ذلک يُوعَظُ به من کان يؤمنُ بالله و اليوم الآخر و من يتّق الله يجعل له مخرجاً .
Thus when they fulfil their term appointed, either take them back on equitable terms or part with them on equitable terms; and take for witness two persons from among you, endued with justice, and establish the evidence (as) before Allah. Such is the admonition given to him who believes in Allah and the Last Day. And for those who fear Allah, He (ever) prepares a way out,
AT-TALAQ
الشهادة لإقامة العدل
الثالثة ـ قوله تعالی :
يا أيها الذين آمنوا کونوا قوّامين بالقسط شُهداء لله و لو علی أنفسکم أو الوالدين والأقربين إن يکن غنيّاً أو فققيراً فالله أولی بهما فلا تتبعوا الهوی أن تعدلوا و ان تلووا أو تعرضوا فان الله کان بما تعملون خبيرا .
O ye who believe! stand out firmly for justice, as witnesses to Allah, even as against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be (against) rich or poor: for Allah can best protect both. Follow not the lusts (of your hearts), lest ye swerve, and if ye distort (justice) or decline to do justice, verily Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do.
AN-NISA
الرابعة ـ قوله تعالی :
يا أيها الذين آمنوا کونوا قوّامين لله شُهداء بالقسط و لا يجرمنّکم شنآن قوم علی أن لا تعدلوا إعدلوا هم أقرب للتقوی و اتقوا الله إنّ اللّه خبير بما تعملون .
O ye who believe! stand out firmly for Allah, as witnesses to fair dealing, and let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that is next to piety: and fear Allah. For Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do.
AL-MAEDA
أهميّة الشهادة
الخامسة ـ قوله تعالی :
... و الذين هم بشهاداتهم قائمون .
And those who stand firm in their testimonies;
AL-MAARIJ
الشهادة عند ردّ الأموال
السادسة ـ قوله تعالی :
... فاذا دفعتم إليهم أموالهم فأشهِدوا عليهم و کفی بالله حسيبا .
Make trial of orphans until they reach the age of marriage; if then ye find sound judgment in them, release their property to them; but consume it not wastefully, nor in haste against their growing up. If the guardian is well-off, Let him claim no remuneration, but if he is poor, let him have for himself what is just and reasonable. When ye release their property to them, take witnesses in their presence: But all-sufficient is Allah in taking account.
AN-NISA
الشهادة عند الوصية
السابعة ـ قوله تعالی :
يا أيها الذين آمنوا شهادة بينکم إذا حضر أحدکم الموت حين الوصية إثنان ذوا عدل منکم أو آخران من غيرکم إن أنتم ضربتم في الأرض فأصابتکم مصيبة الموت تحبسونهما من بعد الصلاة فيُقسمان بالله إن ارتبتم لا نشتري به ثمناً و لو کان ذا قربی و لا نکتم شهادة الله إنّا إذاً لمن الآثمين * فان عُثر علی أنهما استحقا إثماً فآخران يقومان مقامهما من الذين استحق عليهم الأولَيَانِ فيُقسمان بالله لشهادتنا أحقّ من شهادتهما و ما اعتدينا إنّا إذاً لمن الظالمين .
O ye who believe! When death approaches any of you, (take) witnesses among yourselves when making bequests,- two just men of your own (brotherhood) or others from outside if ye are journeying through the earth, and the chance of death befalls you (thus). If ye doubt (their truth), detain them both after prayer, and let them both swear by Allah: "We wish not in this for any worldly gain, even though the (beneficiary) be our near relation: we shall hide not the evidence before Allah: if we do, then behold! the sin be upon us!"
But if it gets known that these two were guilty of the sin (of perjury), let two others stand forth in their places,- nearest in kin from among those who claim a lawful right: let them swear by Allah: "We affirm that our witness is truer than that of those two, and that we have not trespassed (beyond the truth): if we did, behold! the wrong be upon us!"
AL-MAEDA
حرمة الرشوة
قال تعالی :
و لا تأکلوا أموالکم بالباطل و تدلوا بها الی الحُکّام لتأکلوا فريقاً من أموال الناس بالإثم و أنتم تعلمون .
الدعوة الی الصلح
الأولی ـ قوله تعالی :
و إن طائفتان من المؤمنين اقتتلوا فأصلحوا بينهما فان بغت إحداهما علی الاخری فقاتلوا التي تبغي حتی تفيء الی أمر الله فان فاءَت فأصلحوا بينهما بالعدل و أقسطوا إنّ الله يُحبُّ المقسطين * إنما المؤمنون إخوة فأصلحوا بين أخويکم واتقوا الله لعلّکم تُرحمون .
If two parties among the Believers fall into a quarrel, make ye peace between them: but if one of them transgresses beyond bounds against the other, then fight ye (all) against the one that transgresses until it complies with the command of Allah; but if it complies, then make peace between them with justice, and be fair: for Allah loves those who are fair (and just).
The Believers are but a single Brotherhood: So make peace and reconciliation between your two (contending) brothers; and fear Allah, that ye may receive Mercy.
AL-HUJRAAT
الثانیة ـ قوله تعالی :
یسألونک عن الأنفال قُل الأنفال لله و الرسول فاتقوا الله و اصلحوا ذات بينِکم و أطیعوا الله و رسوهل إن کنتم مؤمنین .
They ask thee concerning (things taken as) spoils of war. Say: "(such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah and the Messenger: So fear Allah, and keep straight the relations between yourselves: Obey Allah and His Messenger, if ye do believe."
AL-ANFAL
الثالثة ـ قوله تعالی :
و إن امرأة خافت من بعلها نشوزاً أو إعراضاً فلا جُناح علیهما أن يُصلحا بينهما صُلحاً و الصُلح خير و أُخضِرَت الأنفُسُ الشُحّ و إن تُحسنوا و تنقوا فان الله کان بما تعملون خبیرا .
If ye fear a breach between them twain, appoint (two) arbiters, one from his family, and the other from hers; if they wish for peace, Allah will cause their reconciliation: For Allah hath full knowledge, and is acquainted with all things.
AN-NISA
الخامسة ـ قوله تعالی :
لا خيرَ في کثيرٍ من نجواهم إلّا من أَمَرَ بصدقٍة أو معروفٍ أو إصلاحٍ بين الناس وَمَن يفعل ذلک إبتغاء مرضاة الله فسوف نؤتيهِ أجراً عظيماً .
In most of their secret talks there is no good: But if one exhorts to a deed of charity or justice or conciliation between men, (Secrecy is permissible): To him who does this, seeking the good pleasure of Allah, We shall soon give a reward of the highest (value).
AN-NISA